Squid Proxy Configuration RHEL5

Hello Friends,

Squid is very popular proxy used on Redhat servers , here is little tutorial on configuring sqid , checking squid logs , Hope you will enjoy!

SQUID Configuration :
---------------------------

1. yum install squid*
2. vi /etc/squid/squid.conf

Parameters to configure :
-----------------------------

By Default no machine is allowed to connect proxy server except localhost so need to allow access
to our subnet 192.168.0.0/24 (Need to create acl Step 3)

1. visible_hostname universe.server.com    # universe.server.com is my Servers Hostname
2. http_port 192.168.0.60:8080             # My Servers Ip : 192.168.0.60 , Port 8080
3. acl mylan src 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0 # mylan is name given to ACL
4. http_access allow mylan
5. http_access deny !mylan
6. Save changes and Exit
7. service squid start

On Client :
---------------
1. Open browser
2. Edit > Preferences > Connection settings > 
3. Manual Proxy Configuration > Http Proxy > 192.168.0.60 , Port 8080

Thats it!!!!
You should be able to browse websites here onwards!!!



Additional Configuration :
-------------------------------
http://www.redhat.com/archives/ext3-users/2010-August/msg00003.html
1. vi /etc/squid/squid.conf
2. cache_dir ufs /var/spool/squid 100 16 256 
Amount of Disk in MB to be used for Caching             : 100
Number of First  Level cache directories to be created  : 16
NUmber of Second Level cache directories to be created  : 256

Default Squid Cache directory  : /var/spool/squid/(16 dirs)/(256 dirs)/(the small files)

'Level-1' is the number of first-level subdirectories which will be created under the 'Directory'--> The default is 16.
'Level-2' is the number of second-level subdirectories which will be created under each first-level directory -->  The default is 256.

Where to check Squid Access Logs ? Who visited XYZ Sites?
-----------------------------------------------------------
Log File : /var/log/squid/access.log
Sample Logs :
---------------
[root@universe squid]# tail -f /var/log/squid/access.log
1350983287.130   2452 192.168.0.254 TCP_MISS/200 83569 GET http://www.htc.com/managed-assets/images/home-page/marquee/wp-8x-360/blue/wp8_35.png - DIRECT/125.99.127.201 image/png
1350983287.865   3913 192.168.0.254 TCP_MISS/200 61282 GET http://www.htc.com/managed-assets/images/home-page/marquee/wp-8x-360/blue/wp8_31.png - DIRECT/125.99.127.209 image/png
1350983288.327   1746 192.168.0.254 TCP_MISS/200 44226 GET http://www.htc.com/managed-assets/images/home-page/marquee/wp-8x-360/blue/wp8_08.png - DIRECT/125.99.127.209 image/png
1350983290.043   1595 192.168.0.254 TCP_MISS/200 22004 GET http://www.htc.com/managed-assets/images/home-page/marquee/wp-8x-360/blue/wp8_10.png - DIRECT/125.99.127.201 image/png
1350983290.214   2348 192.168.0.254 TCP_MISS/200 32779 GET http://www.htc.com/managed-assets/images/home-page/marquee/wp-8x-360/blue/wp8_26.png - DIRECT/125.99.127.209 image/png
1350983290.553   3932 192.168.0.254 TCP_MISS/200 66018 GET http://www.htc.com/managed-assets/images/home-page/marquee/wp-8x-360/blue/wp8_17.png - DIRECT/125.99.127.201 image/png
1350983291.331    777 192.168.0.254 TCP_MISS/200 830 GET http://metrics.htc.com/b/ss/htcww-en-prod,htcglobal-prod/1/H.25.2T/s3457431454036? - DIRECT/66.235.142.3 image/gif
1350983291.525   3197 192.168.0.254 TCP_MISS/200 79093 GET http://www.htc.com/managed-assets/images/home-page/marquee/wp-8x-360/blue/wp8_01.png - DIRECT/125.99.127.209 image/png
1350983292.021   1806 192.168.0.254 TCP_MISS/200 32147 GET http://www.htc.com/managed-assets/images/home-page/marquee/wp-8x-360/blue/wp8_28.png - DIRECT/125.99.127.209 image/png
1350983292.572   2529 192.168.0.254 TCP_MISS/200 66253 GET http://www.htc.com/managed-assets/images/home-page/marquee/wp-8x-360/blue/wp8_19.png - DIRECT/125.99.127.201 image/png

Squid Forensics :
----------------------
http://philosecurity.org/2009/04/19/squid-forensics
Where in cache , file xyz.jpg stored ?
------------------------------------------
grep -r “xyz.jpg” /var/spool/squid/    --> recursively search

Monitoring and Displaying squid logs in a nice fashion, and may then go deeper with searching and reporting functions --> squidview
Squidview Tool   : http://www.rillion.net/squidview/
Sarg tool        : http://sarg.sourceforge.net/sarg.php

Squidview :
---------------
1. wget http://www.rillion.net/squidview/squidview-0.79.tar.gz
2. tar -zxvf squidview-0.79.tar.gz
3. cd squidview-0.79/
4. ./configure
5. make
6. cp Makefile.old Makefile
7. make oldgcc
Launch squidview : ./squidview


Best Regards,
Girish







 

Determining IP Information for eth0... failed; no link present. Check cable?

Hi,


While working on RHEL5 installed on VMWARE I got this error restarting network service.

Little bit around 1 min I noticed that Ethernet option for VMWARE is off !!! that's the reason RHEL5 thrown this error.
 

Regards,
Girish

httpd-2.2.3-31.el5.i386: Cannot find a valid baseurl for repo: Server

Hi All,


Actually its very basic mistake, in such type of errors if you have http repository setup, check once if http url is accessible from client or not.


If not accessible the probably problem with http service, but if accessible then ? ? ? ?

Then problem was very simple, it was wrong baseurl in /etc/yum.repos.d/yumconf.repo file

Here is sample of wrong configuration :

[root@station2 ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/yumrepos.repo
[Server]
name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux $releasever - $basearch - Debug
basurl=http://192.168.152.130/Server
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
#gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release

Error was quite simple, instead of "baseurl" it is "basurl"

Correct it and your problem will be solved quickly!!!

Regards,
Girish

Linux QRTask Commands

Hi,

Those who working as a linux administrator may have came across Quarterly Review Task (QRTask).
Its gathering of information about server after every 4 months. We generally perform QRTASK's its very easy to do, and here are few of important commands used for QRTASK :

You can save below lines as shell script with .sh extension :
-----------------------------------------------------------


echo ---------------------------------------
echo "Server Name"
echo ---------------------------------------
hostname

echo ---------------------------------------
echo "Server Model"
echo ---------------------------------------
dmidecode | grep -m1 "Product Name"

echo ---------------------------------------
echo "System Firmware Revision"
echo ---------------------------------------
dmidecode -s bios-version

echo ---------------------------------------
echo "OS Type"
echo ---------------------------------------
uname -a


echo --------------------------------------
echo "HBA"
echo --------------------------------------
lspci |grep -i -e fib -e hba

echo ---------------------------------------
echo "OS Backups"
echo ---------------------------------------
cat /proc/mdstat

echo ---------------------------------------
echo "System INformation"
echo ---------------------------------------
dmidecode -t system


echo ---------------------------------------
echo "BIOS Information"
echo ---------------------------------------
dmidecode -t bios

echo ---------------------------------------
echo "Processor INformation"
echo ---------------------------------------
dmidecode -t processor





echo ---------------------------------------
echo "CPU information"
echo ---------------------------------------
cat /proc/cpuinfo
           
echo ---------------------------------------
echo "MEMORY-USAGE"
echo ---------------------------------------
cat /proc/meminfo  

echo ---------------------------------------
echo "SWAP"
echo ---------------------------------------
swapon -s

echo ---------------------------------------
echo "I/O throughput"
echo ---------------------------------------
iostat




echo ---------------------------------------
echo "Disk Space"
echo ---------------------------------------
df -h

echo ---------------------------------------
echo "FIRMWARE REVISION"
echo ---------------------------------------
dmidecode --type bios




echo ---------------------------------------
echo "NETWORK INTERFACES"
echo ---------------------------------------

ifconfig | grep eth


echo ---------------------------------------
echo "NETWORK-INFORMATION"
echo ---------------------------------------

ethtool eth0;ethtool eth1;ethtool eth2;ethtool eth3


echo ---------------------------------------
echo "PATCH-LIST"
echo ---------------------------------------
rpm -qa>rpm.txt

echo ---------------------------------------
echo "User List"
echo ---------------------------------------
cat /etc/passwd

This information is then documented for official purpose.

Thanks & Regards,

Girish...

NFS Automount issue in Office

Hi ,

This posts are not for advanced users as they all know these common issues.
I came across this issue regarding NFS automount in my office.
I checked o/p of : df -h but nfs share was not shown in o/p

We though that issue might be from Server end d wanted to check nfs server side , but one thing I didn't know was when we perform AUTO-MOUNTING of NFS share , unless user request for share it is not mounted on specified directory , and that is why client tool was generating message like "share XXX not mounted on XXX"

Finally we suppressed that alarm and now its working fine. :)

Thanks & Regards,
Girish...

Difference Between Unix flavours Links

Hi  Friends ,

Here are some of links that will let us know difference between Linux Unix , HP UX etc.

• http://bhami.com/rosetta.html
• http://www.thegeekpub.com/29/linux-vs-aix/

I will post more links here in this post , Keep visiting.

Thanks & Regards,
Girish

DHCP Server RHEL 5

Hello Friends ,

For RHEL5 setting up DHCP server is very easy , just you need to follow steps given in below link.

http://oob.freeshell.org/nzwireless/dhcpd.html

Thank You!

Sudo Users With No Password!

How it will be if you get root access for 2 minutes somewhere and afterwards you want to get root access for FULL TIME! If admin is not watching sudo ! (Real Scenario)

Attackers somehow gets 2 minutes access to ROOT!

Step 1 : Add user with your favorite Name mine is cracker

Step 2 : visudo

Step 3 : Scroll down till "Allow root to run any command"

Add Line :

cracker       ALL=NOPASSWD:       ALL

Thats it!

Now save and exit!

Log in with your new user cracker directly without password!!!

Thank You!

 

Desktop Screen Recorder for RHEL 5

Hi ,

Many times we need to record our desktop so that we can later view and share same videos with others.
Here is a little tutorial on how to do it..

1) Need to have setup RHEL repository
2) Download  recordmydesktop

Installing recordmydesktop on RHEL5
---------------------------------------
step 1 :  unzip recordmydesktop.tar.gz using --> tar -xvf recordmydesktop.tar.gz

step 2 : go to extracted folder.

step 3 : ./configure

step 4 : make

make: *** No Rules to make target `install` . Stop.

HERE THE PROBLEMS STARTS!

This is what i didn't expected basically in my case i followed below steps :

./configure | grep "error"

Now you will get list of dependencies thats what we need to install.

in case of RHEL5 all these dependencies are available in  RHEL5 repositories.

just install it like : 


yum install -y (PACKAGE NAME SPECIFIED IN ERROR)  


Again type : ./configure | grep "error"

Repeat above steps till above command gives no output.

Thats how you solved dependencies for recordmydesktop software

Now simply fireup command : recordmydesktop


Your screen recording gets started!

Thats It!...Enjoy Recording

- Girish

RHEL 5 Ethernet Driver problem on Intel Motherboard

Issue Details :
----------------

Intel based pc ,
Ethernet Driver problem



ifup eth0 --> "device eth0 does not seem to be present, delaying initialization."


System-config-network --> select any driver but it wont work same message as above


lspci --> Realtek semiconductor co. ltd RTL8101E Express Fast Ethernet controller


This clearly shows that we have above device installed as H/W


Uname -r --> 2.6.18.8.el5 (Our Kernel Version)


Lets find Drivers for this device from internet


Download RTL8101E for Linux kernel (2.6.X)


----------------------
Installation of Driver
----------------------

tar -xvf

make clean modules

make install

depmod -a

insmod ./src/r8101.ko

reboot

service network restart



Thats It ! Now assign Ip address and enjoy.


Thank You,

Samba Server

Hi Friends , if you want to access linux shares from windows and add files into linux share you are at right place.

Scenario :

1 Desktop pc --> Windows vista

1 Desktop pc --> Windows 2000

1 Desktop pc -->  Redhat 5 (RHEL 5)

we will setup samba server on RHEL 5 and then we will access that share from windows 2000 and windows vista.

RHEL 5 :

----------

1)  yum -y install samba*

2)  yum -y install system-config-samba   ( For Samba GUI Configuration )

3)  vim /etc/samba/smb.conf

4)  Look for  hosts allow =  add IP subnets here Ex .     192.168.1.  127.  10.47.0.   NO COMMAS

5)  At the end of File add :

  

     [SHARE NAME]

           comment = root

           path = /                    --> to share

           writeable = yes        --> Connected user can read write

           

6) This information is enough in smb.conf

7)  system-config-samba 

8)  preferences > server setting > security > authentication mode "Share"

9)  preferences > samba users > add user > unix username and enter password for samba 

10) Click on share , click on properties , ACCESS > Allow access to everyone

How to access Shared Folders from windows 2000 and windows vista

1) Run > \\RHEL server ip\

Thats It! Now you can even insert files into share so that it can be visible in RHEL 5! 

Aree ooo Sambaa! Tu to kamal ka software hai!

Zombie Process UNix/Linux

Hi,

Zombie process is a finished process but whose entry is still there in Process Table , to return exit status to Parent process who started it!

How to list Zombie process  :
------------------------------

ps -auxZ | grep "Z"    --> short way to list Zombie processes

You can kill zombie process by killing its parent process


How to Know parent process of zombie process :
---------------------------------------------------

pstree -p | grep "zombie process name"

and kill parent using

kill -9 parent process



Thank You,
have a nice day!

Command not found (RHEL 5) chkconfig,service,ifconfig

Hi,

I know its very simple issue but important for beginneers ,
Many times some configuration changes in .bash_profile file may lead to these types of errors . .

As all your commands are there in /sbin/ if $PATH variable is not set properly then you may get this error...

Solution :

1) If you are logged in as root
2) cd ~
3) vim .bash_profile
4) export $PATH=/sbin
5) Thats it.! now you specified your system where to check for system commands!

Fireup your fav system command and check the output!

Enjoy!
Have a nice day!

Boot into Single usermode with Read Write Access to root

Why you want read write access to your system in Single User Mode ? ? Why ? ? Ofcourse its bad practice but we want rw access to bash in some situations like in Maintenance Mode ? ? ? still why ? ? ? ok . . . .lemme explain you . . .

Imagine you are doing LVM (I hope u know LVM) and you already activates USER QUOTA (Hope you know it) Now If this is the situation and you forgot to Disable USER QUOTA before reducing LVM size then probably after restart you will simply lang to maintenance mode!!!

Now what ? ? In this situation you must edit /etc/fstab which is must , to start back your Red Hat!!!! And for this you need to have write access to these files which is not by default!!

Method 1:

When you will boot you will see something like this :

module /vmlinuz-2.6.18-8.el5xen ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet

Here a little modifications can land you to bash prompt with read write access

module /vmlinuz-2.6.18-8.el5xen rw root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet

Method 2:

You can normally boot in single user mode as :

module /vmlinuz-2.6.18-8.el5xen ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet single

or

module /vmlinuz-2.6.18-8.el5xen ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet 1

you get bash prompt as :

bash# (type here)

bash# mount -o remount /,rw --> which provides read write access to root

Thats how we can get out of maintenance mode . . .

Thank You . . .

Enjoy RHEL

My RHCE Experiance

Hi Friends ,

It's not at all a different thing i have done , many of you might have already passed RHCE some of you might have passed RHCSS and blah blah . . .but everyone have their own experience about their certification. So here i will share few things about my experience of being an RHCE.

It was 29th June 2010 , Tuesday

This time Red Hat had a scheme , 11000 for First Shot + 2000 for next shot! Personally don't wann waste money , and no one will rt???So just woke up by 7 and my exam center was Focus Training Institute Pune , which was not close from my place soo was in hurry to reach there on time , Finally reached by 8:15 AM and exam was supposed to be conducted at 9:30 AM , as usual it was not on time because of System Problems.After and hour examiner came there and started formatting pc's , they have some procedure to format each and every machine atleast 5-6 times and then they think they can start exam.So it's very good procedure which i saw there and one thing is that examiner is really a geek and solves any problems that arises in a system quickly, a very talented student of their batch i guess! Don't mind if you are one of them!!!

I was outside the lab and was observing what's going on there on systems and finally figured out that there was Some SELinux service problem and coz of that our exam started late there at center.Ohhhhh! Again we all became restless coz we were just wanted to get rid of exam fast! Finally somehow he was able to solve all of problems in a system . . it was Good as well as bad news for all of us because exam was about to start in few minutes !

Finally he called up names of students one by one , gave one blank paper to everyone , and told me to sit on 3rd machine . Machine was looking scary to me at first site , but as time proceed it was very friendly with me.Finally we started filling a form and signed a NDA (Non Discloser Agreement) So we can't expose questions in exam. Exam started and first 1 and half hour was very gud for me as i could solve all questions except 2 questions related to NIS and SAMBA I thought i can solve it later soo i left those questions and completed my exam paper.But later words i came to know i was in a big trouble!!! Suddenly i saw one BIG SILLY MISTAKE! They were told to create COMMON directory and i created COMMAN directory which was wrong!! Total 3 questions were dependent on this DIRECTORY Ohhhh gOD! Finally had to stop all that 3 services and had to configure NFS,Mount partition and had to set permissions on that again! Now only 20 Minutes left , i thought now its better to reboot system once and did that and what i saw was astonishing once again . . . All my FIREWALL (iptables) rules got deleted coz of my silly mistake of RESTORECON . . . 15 minutes . . . then again was in hurry and applied that firewalls quickly but something was WRONG! 1 rule ! ! ! ohh god...10 minutes . . .started entering commands deleted rule ! ohh my godddddddd but which one? ? it was not one which i want . . correct rule got deleted and wrong remains there only ! 5 minutes . . . again Fast typing and finally each and every entry was correct and then saved it using RESTORECON and rebooted my Server and as soon as login screen came , examiner told me to stop ! ! ! Exam finished!!!

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

1 and half day was waiting for result and finally i got my Dream Result on 30th June 2010

evening 8:30 Pm

Got a mail from Red Hat Certification Ce.

RHCT components score: 77.8
RHCE components score: 84.4

RHCE Certification: PASS

Thats GreaT!! I was soooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo happy that day wow! Now i can go for next certification ! This was all about my personal experience of RHCE . . .

Thanx a lot for visiting my web!

Configure NIS RHEL 5

NIS Client Server :

-------------------

Server -----------------> client

users(girish,aniket,manoj) client wants to mount home directories of those server users

how?

PACKAGES TO INSTALL : yp-tools , ypbind , ypserv , portmap

Server side configuration :

1) nisdomainname RHCE -- > any name will which u wann to give

2) nisdomainname -- > check nis domain name

3) service ypserv start -- > ypserv started

4) chkconfig ypserv on

5) /usr/lib/yp/ypinit -m -- >initialize nis map

read instructions as given! and peform action!

6) service yppasswdd start

7) /etc/sysconfg/network --> add NISDOMAIN=RHCE

8) Thats It!

Client side :

1) setup

2) authentication

3) select NIS and select USE MD5 , USE SHADOW

4) Next

5) Domain : RHCE

Ip : Server's ip

6) ok and quit

7) Fire up command "ypcat passwd" -- > displays passwd file of remote user that is our server

8) thats it!

Now if u want to mount home directory of user "girish" on ur computer (client)

1) vim /etc/auto.master

- add line below /net

(PLACE where you want to mount on ur pc ex. /rhome/remoteuser) /etc/auto.misc

- save and exit

2) vim /etc/auto.misc

- add line below cd

* -rw,soft,intr serverip:/home/

(now above user u specified whose home directory will be mounted at /rhome/remoteuser on our pc)

Setup YUM repository on HTTP

Hi,

Many times we need to give access to YUM repository to our clients browsing through www!

Lets assume you need to setup YUM repository on HTTP and clients will download RPM's from this http yum repository

client --> Downloads RPM's --> http://ip/Server --> YUM REPOSITORY on SERVER

Server Side :

1) Copy Server folder from Red Hat dvd into /var/www/html

2) If you don't have www folder in var it means you have not installed "httpd" daemon

3) Install it! (Am not gonaa tell you in this article about installing RPM)

4) If you don't hace "createrepo" installed then install it!

5) Go to directory in which u have copied Server directory

6) Fire-up command : createrepo Server

7) Now! start httpd daemon :

• service httpd start
• chkconfig httpd on

Client Side :

1) Go to /etc/yum.repos.d

2) cp rhel-debug-info.repo myrepo.repo

3) Edit file myrepo.repo

• [Server]
• baseurl=http://serverip/Server
• enabled=1
• gpgchec=0
• #gpgkey . . . . . . . (# comment is imp)

4) Fire-up :

• service yum-updatesd restart
• chkconfig yum-updatesd on
• yum clean all

5) Thats it! Now you can install rpm from http yum repository

Test it : yum install httpd*

Happy Linux!

Create YUM Repository on FTP Server

Hi,

Finally got relief coz my YUM repository is now ready to be accessible by my clients! If u r a Linux administrator or geeks this article is not for u and its for newbies who wanted to know about it!

Thnak You!

Here am not gonaa explain what is YUM , what is REPOSITORY , and WHAT IS FTP Server

Here am gonna explain setting up FTP Server , setting up YUM Repository , accessing YUM Repository.

1) Setting up FTP Server

• You need to have "vsftpd" demon started if not then u must install vsftpd rpm from your Red hat cd .
• Navigate to /media/CDROM/Server
• rpm -ivh vsftpd* ( Installs vsftpd demon)
• Now you can see /var/ftp/pub directory if installation goes well.
• You need to create YUM Repository on FTP so copy "Server" folder from ur CD or DVD to /var/ftp/pub
• Now you need to create Repository or simply generate Required data or metadata which can be done using "createrepo" command but if u dont have it then jst install rpm from "Server" folder
• rpm -ivh createrepo* (install createrepo)
• Now everythin is installed.
• Shoot up the command to generate repository : createrepo [FOLDER NAME]
• ex. create Server (folder name where files are copied)
• If u r still confused then jst go to folder which u recently copied and in that folder type above command.
• Restart "vsftpd" demon : service vsftpd restart
• Finished!

2) Common problem i faced while creating repository : i was not able to connect to my FTP Server and couldnt access files shared on FTP why ? ? ? ? ? reason was "iptables" ? ? ?

Originally, the most popular firewall/NAT package running on Linux was ipchains, but it had a number of shortcomings. To rectify this, the Netfilter organization decided to create a new product called iptables,

3) Just shutdown this "iptables" for now (for newbies) using following command

service iptables stop

4) Thats it . . .! now go to client machine and you can access your shared Files on server as :

ftp://server ip/directory

5) OK! Now we created this repo because our client want it to Update rpm from this Server!

6) Client Side configuration :

• Go to /etc/yum.repos.d
• Take a backup of file "rhel-debuginfo.repo" and copy same files with name "anything.repo"
• Now fire up ur vi editor as : vi anything.repo
• Structure of file :

• [name of dir]
• name = . . .
• baseurl=ftp://ip/directory (your path)
• enabled=1
• gpgcheck=0
• #gpgkey=. . .

And now you need to fireup some commands as follows :

1) service yum-updatesd restart

2) chkconfig yum-updatesd on

3) yum clean all

Now you try to install rpm you want and that will be installed right from FTP server!

Example : yum install "httpd*"

Finished!

Have a nice day!

Happy Linux!

Windows Vista + RHEL 5 --> Fired up Bootmgr missing Error !

Recently i installed RHEL 5 on my dell studio 15 lappy . . Everythin installed properly & I already had Windows Vista Home Premium installed on my lappy. Problesm was in GRUB!

GRUB shown 2 options 1 for Linux another for Windows vista..but whn i started win vista Error FIRED UP! -- > Bootmgr missing ...press alt+ctrl+delete to restart . . .& one more line sayin : rootnoverify(hd0,1)

This seems to be simple error for Windows Freaks...! hehe

1) I tried to repair it using Vista Bootable DVD & result -- > NO CHANGE
2) I tried STARTUP REPAIR option in Vista Bootable ---> STILL NO CHANGE

actually the problem was in grub.conf file..in RHEL!

Jst changed tat rootnoverify(hd0,1) to (hd0,2) ..coz tat second one was havin my Win Vista...

• soo if u need to change it then jst press 'e' at bootup
• select OTHER
• Press 'e' to edit it and then change it to 2
• press 'b' to boot and i think u should get ur windows BACK!

If 2 dnt work..thn try to figure out ur Windows partition 2,3, . . . . if u already dnt knw..

Thank You ,
Have a pleasent Stay . . .

Reset ROOT password in RHEL using Single User Mode

Soo Not loging in to ur ROOT ? ? in RHEL ? ?
Its simple . . . to get out of it . . Dont Panik...
1) Restart ur linux
2) While Booting press 'E'
3) It will give u three Options
4) Select option containg Kernal ... i.e. select second option
5) Type (SPACE) single n press enter
6) Grub is configured now with single user mode..
7) Press 'B' to boot from current selection
8) System wil boot n wil give u prompt #
9) Type command : passwd
10) Type new password for root n confirm it..
Thats it...u successfully changed Linux password...

Note : Grub can be password protected to restrict it from editing . . .
Thank You . . .
Have a pleasent Stay . . .